"Now I found myself suddenly in Berlin, where everything was open, where the new and interesting, including the Famous was. I moved only in those people who knew each other. They led a rapid and vigorous life ... l took up so much that it would confuse me. I saw many things I had always loathed. Everything was possible, everything happened. I had never had the feeling that the whole world to be at once so close to each of their bodies and this world that I could not cope with in three months, seemed a world of lunatics.
But as for me, in my Return from Berlin addressed the most, let go of what no longer with me, the extreme and obsessive people I had met there. One day it occurred to me that the world was no longer present, as in previous novels, so to speak, from the standpoint of a writer. the world was disintegrated, and only if one had the courage to show it in their decay nature, it was still possible to give a true idea of it. "
Elias Canetti, in" discussions about the novel.
form identification and analysis "by M. Durzak.
PROLOGUE THE FIRST WALK
The Underground History
Once in Berlin, I am seeing with the intention of the city center, walked to the subway station. I got into conversation with an older man, because the ticket machine to my 10-DM had swallowed license, print without a ticket. He agreed to accompany me to the LPP headquarters to recover my money.
On the way there he asked the typical questions are how I would if I had German ancestors, etc. I do not know if I put the question directly, but then he told me that he had been during the Nazi soldier .
I thought of my grandparents ...
I've never had the personal dimension of National Socialism perceived. As if suddenly what was before only in books written story or a part of family history, had become the present.
The Memorial Church
The Memorial Church was a shocking surprise and a refutation of my "bad thoughts" about the old people in the subway ...
But, I'm here, someone remembers the past.
had in the first few months in Berlin I watching the Memorial Church goose bumps every time.
Why is now not so?
INVESTIGATION OBJECT
What makes a memorial?
Alexanderplatz
I was amazed at so much ugliness and me almost not allowed to think about this ugliness, Finally, one might discover the beauty in the New.
But the court reminded me of the blemishes of the dictatorship in Uruguay: confined spaces with green (? As an excuse), hard, very hard flooring (symbol of the resistance?), Seemed a bit happier the wells. A lonely little
were Marx and Engels in their place, amazingly this expectation ...
The Brandenburg Gate
In Search of the wall I'm suddenly at the Brandenburg Gate.
The gate hidden behind the walls and fences, especially after people who wanted abhaben head with a hammer and a piece of concrete. War trophies?
So, how was that? On one side ends of the park, on the other, the 150 m wide desert - the way to the border guards.
along the way by which one could go, there were numerous stalls. What was sold were all sorts of items that the decaying East symbolized in any way: of military equipment (uniforms, hats, medals, binoculars), state symbols (flags, signs, public institutions) to use objects (Trabi miniatures, Russian dolls, etc.) ... In addition, the sought-after pieces of the wall (large, small, kept in a glass case, labeled or unlabeled).
THESE
It seems as if it were a question from the East and all that it symbolized as quickly as possible and rid the strategy would be to sell everything until there's nothing more to sell: As if alone could the fact of Veräußerns effect a cure.
Whether this strategy of opportunism, the seller was due or as the only way for DDR-trailer lost a piece of reality was to preserve is to be investigated. West and East Germans have in this Market uses the objects that they have issued later in their homes as a protest and above all as a provocation.
The Reichstag
I did not before, that the Reichstag building is located right near the Brandenburg Gate. I was not at all clear that this place was such a significant loading complex: the Reichstag, Brandenburg Gate, Berlin Wall.
from a house on William Street where the ground floor there was a kind of bazaar, echoed loud marching music.
My only association with the Reichstag fire of 1933 and when I went to the corner of the Diet, I saw the memorials for the victims of the Wall.
It was a nondescript 4 m long and 1 meter high steel grid on which inscribed panels rejected. There were the names of the victims, date of birth and the date on which they had tried to flee from the GDR.
NOTE
be anywhere (in space), in a moment (time) in which one a track from the past or future (time) perceive and assign internal state the location (space) to is divine.
Potsdamer Platz
Somehow I knew there had to be there ... I had finally located him on the plan there. But the Potsdamer Platz, I have not found.
Only later, did a guided walk I To know that I'm on the pitch have been before: The place was this desert.
THESE
It seems that the psychoanalytic theory would work regarding the mechanisms of repression due to traumatic experiences on the social level.
There are memorials, days of mourning and political discourses that are based on the past, but in everyday life are blurring the German world champion in track.
The 1 Letter to my father
I do not remember exactly what I told my father. I probably did little about my loneliness, and much more talks about the beauty and oddities of the city. Via the channels with ducks and swans fairy tale, about the Turkish women with veils over the sunflower bread, about my headaches because of the language.
I found interesting was in any case his answer because he said I he would tell of Berlin things that had he already told his parents and he gave me tips: there was a shop called so and so, where could I buy this and that, I should see if the house would stand at Bernauer Strasse 20 still, my grandfather had lived there, etc.
He had never been to Berlin, but this city was not alien to him.
The trip to Werder
In the first weeks in Berlin, was a kind of compressed and very rich collection of experiences an uncomfortable feeling towards. It was only when I made friends with a trip to Werder and the water of Lake Wannsee, found himself broke the feeling.
I had found a piece of home: the horizon
A lake is not the sea, but large lakes also have a horizon.
In Berlin, there is no horizon. The density of the city, the eaves height can move in labyrinths.
INVESTIGATION OBJECT
What is the horizon?
The 3rd October
The day had announced many events. I was initially somewhat haphazardly to Alexanderplatz Unter den Linden, Brandenburger and ran towards goal. There were entire families with children, balloons, music in the air, ice cream shops and food stalls along the road. It was a real festival. At the height of the Marx-Engels Forum was heard then dry drum beats, Leipzig from the street came the counter-demonstration. There was nothing festive feel. The demonstrators did not talk, they did not sing, they ran towards Alexanderplatz. The density of the dispute I was very impressed. I stood in the middle of two trains, and did not categorize me.
Somehow I must have gone on Unter den Linden, because at some point I stood on the opposite bank of the Spree, the Reichstag, where he had another group of young people gathered ... they proclaimed the "Republic of Utopia".
development
If memory does not deceive me, I photographed at the beginning just houses. I was amazed at the uniformity of the buildings and the still visible traces of the war: bullet holes on the facade, the lack of houses between the houses. (Who may have lived there?)
in the basement of my house in the barn area, I discovered on a winter day to connect to the house next door. It was a tunnel - although the walled up again - to read in its contours still was.
This moment The discovery was forever long. Thousands of images come through me ... what happened to the people who lived here?
INTRODUCTION
THE CHOICE OF SUBJECT
"But the city does not tell its past, they containings as the lines of a hand, written to the roadsides, the window bars, the balustrades of the stair railing, the lightning rod, the flag poles, each segment in turn, hatched from scratches, saw marks, nicks, strikes. "
from" Invisible Cities "by ltalo Calvino.
The following analysis is concerned in the treatment of the past urban space.
base
starting point is the assumption that the city takes a collective product, an identity-conferring and identity-building role.
memory should not be seen as a way of attitude in the past but used as a motor for future consideration and action and above all hope.
The consciousness of social belonging, which is characterized as "collective identity" is based on the participation of shared knowledge and a shared memory, which is mediated by the use of a common symbol system.
Architecture can be a sign to encode common.
The inclusion of memory - as a counterpoint to forget, or put another way, which may in the present and past to the future projected to take place not only in the form of monuments, holidays, or discourses.
analysis serves as the basis for including the book by Jan Assmann, "The cultural memory." His studies deal mainly on the relation of subjects 'memory' (or historical in nature),
"identity" (or political imagination) and "cultural continuity" (or traditional education).
I'm assuming, as Halbwachs and Assmann, that what takes up the memory contents and how it organizes these lnhalte not an issue of internal capacity and external control, but, social and cultural framework conditions.
Assmann distinguishes four areas of the "external dimension" of the memory:
first The mimetic memory: based on the action, which is learned through imitation.
second The memory of things: the material world in which man lives, has a time index that indicates the presence at the same time in different layers of the past.
third Communicative memory: language and communication incurred by participating in interactions.
4th Cultural memory: or the transmission and re-presentation of cultural meaning. It provides a space to go over in the other three areas.
My interest relates primarily to what Assmann "cultural memory" and called attention to the aspect of "memory of things."
The city is one of the most obvious elements of this material world from which was previously mentioned. The example of the passion for the old town centers, the need for guidance in time reveals both for city residents and for the city residents.
Where does this passion for old things?
I think even though quality criteria in the "material world" irrevocably we can special case of "old objects" lead, the decisive criterion is that these things we continue to provide information daüber what they're not ... in other words, open it by this "immersion in the past," an (at least teoretische) opportunity to locate themselves in the presence of different.
The cultural memory as the place where a community its cultural meaning (as a unifying force)
place, is the place from demman out acts and influence you.
My concern is mainly a possible answer to the question to find out about the elements and themes to work with architecture, and particularly in the field of urban development in a city like Berlin.
I got to know this city nine years ago for the first time. Is the question of who was to have past-without-actually I made a very present issue ... At that time, certain phenomena could not be described as past, because they were fresh.
now I know the city a little better, many changes have been made. "The city is planning broke" can be heard here.
But it is significant that this feeling is self-Berlin and exactly like the feeling that everything is possible: yes, Berlin is also the city the utopias.
on these topics (the possibilities of architecture, utopias, as an act of memory) I will discuss in more detail later.
In the following pages you will find lots of quotes. I have reproduced the original text where it seemed to me abundance to replace the content with my own words. Now I would like to find
based Assmann's explanation, his own thread.
CULTURAL MEMORY
A reflection on the book by Jan Assmann
Def memory
General term for the ability. without previous experience to any major changes of content and Order back into consciousness due "
(G. Müller 1924). The services include G. benefits of retaining, of memory and recognition, experience of content, "
of" Encyclopedia of Sociology ", Edited by W. Fuchs, R. Air uA
art of memory and memorial culture
"Every culture is from something you could call their connective structure. It has a link and connecting, in two dimensions: the social dimension and the dimension of time. Binds the people to the people in that it is "a symbolic world of the senses" a common experience, Expectation and action space is, the donated through its binding and binding force of confidence and guidance they may also bind the (...) Yesterday it to date by including a progressive contemporary horizon pictures and stories of another time and thereby establish hope and remembrance . This aspect of the culture is based on the mythical and historical narratives. Both aspects of the normative and the narrative, the aspect of training and the aspect of the story substantiate, affiliation or identity, that allow individuals to be able to say "we" "1
I would consider myself closer to the concept of cultural memory.
art of memory is about the "education of an individual capacity". In the culture of memory, however, it is about "maintaining a social obligation".
It's mostly a question of community: "What we must not forget?" And as a result it has a central role in the identity of a culture.
"What is the space for the art of memory is the time for the culture of memory. Perhaps we may even go a step further: how to learn the art of memory, the memory culture is part of the planning and hoping, that the formation of social meaning and time horizons "2
How we live is first and Due to the culture to which we belong, and the experience we have gained in our lives.
When we plan and look at the creative aspect of planning, we are required to work with the contingent of experience we have accumulated in our lives.
When we plan and consider the plan in terms of implementation, we are planning for the future and for the others (how many there might be)
In this sense, I think the memories and the past of Community importance for the planning of the city of today and tomorrow.
If you talk about "remembrance" or "past", associated to "something" what is remembered. Each memory is liable a "time index" to.
I refer here not necessarily to the "memory" of "something", but in the general memory.
My intention on this subject is not to work up concrete layers of the past but the memory itself, more specifically a certain "absence" to address.
"The art of memory works with imaginary spaces, the memory culture of signs in natural space. Even and even whole landscapes can serve as a medium of cultural memory. You will be less accentuated by signs ("Monuments") as a whole rather than to the rank of a sign made, ie semiotisiert. "3
This quote particularly motivated me to think about Berlin. I think Berlin is always a good place to work with the theme of memory as a common phenomenon.
Current and old discussions on the handling of the city, with models of the city of tomorrow, with the story for me in terms of content the symptom of an existing problem.
It is about completely different topics, which are based in their appearance or their actual use-the same structure: a miscalculation of the motion field (city), a misunderstanding of the creative Capacity (which is possible), a poor assessment of the means (products).
I will go into later in the chapter "places of memory".
Assmann made the case that the past is created in the first place by which one refers to it.
Everyone knows how the past is created, namely the passing of time. The "Today" tomorrow is a thing of the past: it is the "Yesterday" are. The interesting thing is for Assmann, that can behave this natural process, the companies in very different ways.
"Who (...) in the" Today " on the "Tomorrow" looks, set the "Yesterday" keep from disappearing and it should be noted by looking for memory. In the memory of the past is reconstructed "3
's memory not just reconstruct the past, it also organizes the experience of the present and future. The "principle of memory and the principle of" hope cause "each other.
individual and collective memory
Halbwachs distinguishes between individual and collective memory: "There is no possible memory outside of those frameworks, which make use of the living people in society, their to fix and recover memories "4
Individual memory is always a social phenomenon. Independent in the strict sense, there are only feelings, not the memories, because they originate in the thinking of groups, which we endorse.
In other words, the individual memory is built in a specific person on virtue of their participation in communicative processes. It is a function of restraint in their Registered varied social groups, from family to religion and nation community. The memory lives and is preserved in the communications, cancels them, or disappear or change the reference of the communicated reality, forgetting the Episode "5
Halbwachs explains not only the memory but forgetting: forgetting is that which has no presence in a frame of reference more. Collective memory is space, time and identity specifically.
interesting for us is the thesis of Halbwachs, particularly for the transition.
I interpret his model, as there would be no transition period.
reference I interpret as rigid.
NOTE
If we in our analysis a little stick to the coupling of the terms "memory" and "hope" and think in parallel, that this "framework" of which Halbwachs speaks, is primarily a social context, it seems obvious that there are several breaks in Berlin and amazing that they are not visible.
.. The floating gap "
The phenomenon of" floating gap "should be familiar to all historians who are dealing with oral traditions.
Based both on the observation that plenty of the recent past information is available, which are more sparse the further back you go in the past, there is a gap found in the reports. Vanisa called this gap the fluid gap "(the floating gap).
for earlier periods, however we come again to a wealth of information and it has to do with traditions of origin. The gap is the people of affected communities often do not realize it, but it is unmistakably the researchers (...) The historical consciousness only works on two levels: the origin time and recent past. Because the border between the two moves along with the generations, I have called the yawning gap between the two levels, "the floating gap" "6
Communicative and cultural memory.
Communicative memory includes memories, referring to the recent past. These are memories that are peculiar to a generation of people and as such are bound to time: that memory is created with a generation and goes with her. If the carriers of the memories have died, it gives way to a new memory.
"This alone personally guaranteed by experienced, educated and communicated memory space corresponds to the biblical 3-4 generations that have to answer for such a debt (...) The half of the limit of 80 years, namely 40 years seems to form a critical threshold . (. . .) After 40 years of experience the witnesses who have experienced a significant event as adults, one of the more forward-professional life and into the age at which the memory is growing and with it the need for fixation and transfer. In this situation comes about 10 years since that generation, for Hitler's persecution of Jews and destruction subject personally traumatic experience. What is still vivid memory today will be tomorrow only mediated by media. This transition is reflected now in a drawer written remembrance of those affected and intensified collective work of the archivists. "7
I do not know the exact number of Berlin, the had in the course of National Socialism leave the city. What would they say about the city, will remain closed to us forever, but we know that they were once here.
As we inhabit the city, is aware of its absence.
Cultural memory
"Cultural memory is aimed at fixed points in the past. "
These fixed points are not put up with the factual history of the same. It concerns with the cultural memory of the remembered past that is a myth.
foundational myth is a story, a story that is told to her a present from the origin illuminate. "
The myth is the narrative framework of the establishment of a cosmic, social, economic and political order or part of it. It deals with the origin time and knows the long run only as a break between before and after.
memory in the sense of internalized past, refers to the mythical, not historical time, for only the mythical time is the time of becoming, during the historical period is nothing but the continuation of what has become. The tradition of the "come" - say the historians of the Nouvelle Histoire actual date insofar as the object, as we really only the "winner Vision" communicates. If information about the past is something different, more diverse than the official version of history, then we must look elsewhere: their form is remembered past in the narrative. It is either the "engine of development" or the foundation of their continuity.
Conclusion The study confirms the oral history that the living memory no further back than 80 years.
A possible structure of the memory phenomenon can be represented as two end parts (communicative memory and cultural memory) without a center (the floating Gap].
Communicative memory cultural memory and act as two "modes of remembrance" that is, two functions of memory and the past: The foundation of memory, which refers to the origins and the biographical memory, which relates to their own experiences and their environment. Each works with different instruments with fixed objectification of language and non-linguistic memory in the case of the founding, on the basis of interaction in the case of biographical memory.
The investigation of the polarity between the concepts could go on: the participation of a group of communicative memory is vague, each is as equally competent, while the cultural memory of the Participation is more differentiated: it has always been her support.
Participation in cultural memory, in contrast to the communicative memory, requires careful admissions. This is an interesting game between the right and the duty arises from a share to participate.
The role of architecture in this respect may seem obvious, one for each city residents
tradition versus memory
much tried what you explained with the concept of cultural memory, could the term "tradition" or "tradition" be equated.
However, there is a subtle difference between the terms, the other for the work of importance:
The concept of tradition places the aspect of continuity, the fort letter and resume to the fore, however, shortens the term of the aspect of the reception, the reliance on the fraction of time, as well as its negative side: forgetting and repression.
THE PLACES OF MEMORY
"Fifty years is enough to the disaster wrought by the fathers of the offspring not only as punishment. but gradually also to address the city as visual normality. Finally, it required even of the astonished gaze weithergereister guests to the post-war backdrop at all as such exercise "
from" From the disappearance of the sky over Berlin "by Wolfgang Kil
break between past and present
" The original form, sort of a primal experience of that break between yesterday and today, in the the decision between disappearance and preservation is, is death. It was not until its end, with its radical Unfortsetzbarkeit wins the life the form of the past on which to build a culture of memory. One could almost call it the "primal scene" of the culture of memory. The difference between the natural or technical qualifications and / or implemented Self-remembering of the individual, of his age ago casts a look back at his life, and the memory that is tied up with after his death on the part of the posterity of this life, makes the specific cultural element of the collective memory clear. We say that the dead in the memory of posterity "lives" as if it were an almost natural progression existence on its own. In reality it is but an act of recovery, the thanks of the dead the determined will of the group, did not disclose the disappearance, but to maintain power of memory as a member of the community and take in the continuing presence. "9
Hannah Arendt says. that the Western world, even the dead enemy always granted the right to memory.
In the case of the concentration camps where the death itself was anonymous, it was his real sense of the end of a closed life-deprived.
The very nature of this death is the confirmation of the fact that man has never existed. It is the death of death, organized forgetting, institutionalization of amnesia.
The knowledge of the murder machine of National Socialism is quite large. Most concentration camps are reported as memorials to the victims, there are numerous literature on the media repeatedly deal with it ... . And it is discussed a memorial, and somehow decided.
But the place where we live-our city-like, we do not burden it. Why not?
this were really a burden?
Would not that be just exactly the way that would lead us to internalize the memory actually?
Would it not be fairer to the victims if they are not only in exceptional situations (the visit of the memorial, the holiday as a day when we remember them) were to take place in our lives?
Why do we confuse it with the horror of the way her murder?
INVESTIGATION OBJECT
How can this absence in the City work?
The bed of civilization
"The adjustment to the symbolic meaning of cultural world with its rules and prohibitions, its norms and institutions, their rules and meanings, implies a distancing both externally and internally, to the" world "and compared to the "self." In adapting to the institutions of culture "distancing" the man in the immediate subjection to the pressure to drive performance and win by such a postponement of the "reflection room" in which an act of free will and thus identity is possible. "Making conscious distance between and the outside world it may well be described as the fundamental act of human civilization, "writes A. Warburg institutionalized in the introduction to Mnomosyne (...) The culture that distance. It creates intimacy and trust: self-confidence, trust in the world, social trust, "relieved" after the manner of sensory overload, pressure to decide and distrust, thereby creating the outdoor space that human existence is peculiarly "9
Which" free-space. "in the companies is spoken there?
I only know the "under-certain-context-existing space."
think of all I, that neither the reference to the "cozy" Civilization (at the top quote you almost have the impression that civilization is a sort of couch, on which one could comfortably sit, lie either or) even the nothing-making dichotomy between city and nature, especially with the romantic background of the word nature! - would put us in the discussion further.
I am talking not about the actual definition of these philosophical concepts, but rather to establish a purpose or direction in order to talk about the city may, instead of losing sight.
As long as we do not learn to think differently and not always to tend to establish any theoretical structures, the repeated claim to have universal validity and find its reasoning on the well-recognized way of rationality, we are still not able to sleep better.
The locations of the memory
When reading the book by Assmann I have on the spatial metaphors - especially Halbwachs descriptions amazed.
"frame", "Spaces, Places," suburbs "are recurring terms.
If you are in the field of architecture is moved,-in principle-the requirement to deal with the past and in two ways: through the construction law and possessed the city planning.
Building regulations -Especially in the form of building codes and urban planning-particularly in the form of ordinances and development plans, based on past experience, give us
information about the context of planning in the present, ultimately on the future of the objects.
Current and old discussions on how to deal with the city (reflected for example in construction law and listed building), with models of the city of tomorrow (eg, Plan for the City Centre), with the story (such as memorial debate ) give us information about an existing problem. The scheme tries
city to enforce a uniform planning concept for the so-called Berlin-Prussian rules. This Rules apply not only to new buildings but also for entire neighborhoods. So will the existing district and transformed the image of a homogeneous city to be adjusted. These approaches seem more like a personal example as a thoughtful and reasoned analysis to follow. Questionable primarily the quest for a homogeneous city in itself, secondly the use of this image in the city of Berlin-an exemplary non-homogeneous urban, third, the need for an overall picture at all for the city.
I argue that the use of tradition in architecture, combined with a certain rationality, as a tool to understand, which tends to the city to turn into a wasteland. The distance, preceded by the speech was, the engine of this development.
If there is anything that we do not need, then it is this distance.
Discussions on city away from what is the real city and leads to a "scientific development", which brings the misconception of the urban medium with it.
reflect on practical ways, these thoughts and emotions in the moral or aesthetic poverty room again, take place in these discussions.
Here I would like to question following a critical aspect: the rigidity of these systems has nothing to do with their intentions. They are based solely on their structure.
I mean that in the sense that no official city planning construction law are still in a position to actually protect the city against "unformed". I would almost say that these regulations have the primary responsibility for a portion of such blemishes.
This argument of course about the aesthetic aspects, (in this case are mostly well as economic and social aspects).
Why is it then that these rules more the phrase "should-not" category.
The sad thing is, above all the helplessness of the formulations, both in the legal texts and in the Explanatory reports, surpassed only by the real application. to advocate for the abolition
of construction law, the official city planning would, of course, very questionable. My interest is actually limited to finding a way through this maze of regulations to avoid the banality of architecture.
You would need other tools to operate in the city .., more subtle approaches that work together with the dynamism and diversity of the city, rather than (again) to plan broken.
"Leipzig was one year at a central location, next to the University, two at right angles to each other facades to see. They were five stories high and were supported by a steel structure in place. Behind it was nothing but a deep pit. The window holes gave a clear view of the sky. In the night it seemed as the moon looked out of the house. And again, the desire, the whole thing would be put to stop, as a monument for building concepts of the nineties and this is interesting because of old facades and modern engineering resulting skeleton than the finished house can be.
are now through the windows of heaven and not the moon, but only to see false ceilings. Will soon disappear and the steel structure. The caravan will move on to the next ßetonmischer vacant lot. And so gradually closed after the holes in the city. In Leipzig, Halle, Chemnitz, Magdeburg. No weathered color that is not painted over, no exfoliated plaster, which will not be replaced. The old houses will be left when they were not old, but just after the original plans have been built.
And then what? Then the people that are all more or less by chance there, just be proud of their city. And hope that no disaster occurs that destroys the reconstruction work. If you're unlucky, a foreign guest says while walking through the city: "It reminds me of the whole of Nuremberg". Then you could ask back boldly: "What finished German city of Nuremberg does not remember? But one might also answer, "Go to Berlin, Potsdam direct repair to the place. Although you will not find him, but what you see on the given site, at least remind you not to Nuremberg ". And the guest should reply: "But still! The place makes me think of the Nuremberg Party Congress and its consequences "- then all the ornamentation of the ruling generation would have been in vain" 10
Would not it make sense to internalize these ideas and take them for future planning instead they are just as truth ? leave
identity. Communication. Culture
Participation in social phenomena, "fit" that membership and boundaries define the personal link to the urban medium.
Social identity is constructed through interaction and reproduced. It is like the individual identity is a matter of consciousness
"identity is as easy to see, a thing of memory and remembrance. Just as an individual can a personal identity form only by virtue of his memory and maintained over the sequence of days and years, including a group of their group identity can only reproduce by memory. The Difference is that the group has no memory neural basis. In their place comes the culture: a complex identity-assurance knowledge, in the form of symbolic forms such as myths, songs, dances, proverbs, laws, sacred texts, pictures, ornaments, painting, paths ,..." 11
THE HISTORICAL SITE
OVERVIEW
"I know that Berlin is a real place, (...) but in some ways, this place is not actually real. Partly it is something that exists in the mind
, partly something that belongs to a past that never was present, and partly a spiritual reality that each in the world
immediately understandable tells "
Daniel Libeskind
Background
From the year 1237 is the first documented mention of Cölln still preserved. In a very wooded, wide in many places, however, very swampy glacial valley are the built-up areas of Berlin and Colin, mainly in the old town have constrictions of up to five kilometers. To the north, the valley is bounded by the slopes of the plateau of Barnim, in the southern valley slopes lead to a second plateau of the Teltow over. This will open wide to the west valley of the river Spree with low gradient traversed. In its course it forms numerous loops and Totarme and branches out on several occasions. On two of the arms of the Spree formed islands formed the cities of Berlin and Colin, the river forms the border. The branch of the river into numerous side arms is cause for a relatively low water level of the Spree River makes many places impassable, and thus serves as a ford for several roads.
Against the backdrop of these natural conditions favoring the establishment of a fortified settlement, which is secured to the river crossing and the Ascanian territorial area and the Berlin tangential trade routes can be controlled.
as the map of Memhard essentially shows, was in the second half of the 13th Century, the first location by a moat and a wall replaced.
comprises While on the side of Berlin, the Berlin Wall, the entire island, it follows that in Cölln only in the area of the southern trench Spree to the Dominican Monastery, includes this and continues to the main arm. A transfer of the wall in this area will only be through the establishment of the castle.
In Berlin side, there are three gates in the wall: the Spandauer Tor in the north, or Berger (Georgia) in the east and south Stralauer the gate. On the side Cöllner Köpenicker Tor in the south and the west gate in Teltow. Outside the city walls lying, a bridge over the moat of the castle Cöllner Spree in Tiergarten.
Memhard 1652
The name of the city gates are named after the first inter-regional road links, where they are located.
the rigorous development of Berlin to the fortress is engaged for decades in the structure and fabric of the twin cities and their development. Therefore, both in Berlin and in front of the Cölln Stralauer gate and the brick outside the old city walls of many houses, shacks, barns, gardens, the sheep and farms to be abandoned.
Using the map "Berlin 1690" illustrates the expansion to the west along Unter den Linden and the urban situation inside the fort buildings, which were reduced according to current estimates as to their actual size. The new gates are all planned for defense requirements and created. This direct connection between the mill dam and Gertraudentor suspended over the fish market. To reach the old country roads, the drivers have to drive on streets to Leipzig fortress gate. Some of these changes were until after the Second World War remain down significantly.
The old street Spandauer-/Oranienburger road had to be interrupted, so that only a detour on city walls, ramparts and through the new Spandau fortress gate through the grounds of the later Hackescher Markt a reaching Oranienburgerstrasse allowed.
Schleuen / Schlultz 1668
Due to the strongly growing population soon the founding of another suburb outside the walls is required. By the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm 1669 already an area west of the fortress on either side to release the Unter den Linden for construction. This shared their own property settlement is named after his second wife, "Dorothy town" and gets 1674 a city. Joachim Ernst Blesendorff is responsible for the plans of an additional line for the Dorothy city, crossing the avenue of lime trees at right angles and joining them at the surrounding area. created in the northern grasslands as pastures and passing the dam to connect to the local country roads, crossing the "Friedrichstraße" the Spree on the new Weidendamm bridge.
Cöllner The field mark is reached in the south through a gate in the Wall. A new road, here in the north-south direction and thus saves the way through the old city.
begins around 1750 the dismantling of the fortifications.
addition to the settlement of Spandau, royal and Stralauer suburb is necessary because of the growing population expansion in the West. Due to its location makes the city on Dorothy for an expansion in the southern area. A limiting barrier plant here is the existing mounting curved away and connect in the amount of southern Cölln bastions of the old system. Not only from the map of 1750 this plan is evident, but also the leadership of the Wall street in Berlin's street system illustrates this approach. Within the territory referred to a regular system at right angles intersecting streets was designed, although the core city and it was subsequently badly. called
In this area, Frederick city, left many religious refugees, down from France and Switzerland.
With the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. 1713 sees forced to reduce its expenditure drastically. Only expenditures for the army and religious buildings, the expression of his religion shall be exempt from the savings of the "Soldier King" is not affected. 1721 the first expansion of the Frederick City is being promoted again vigorously. In the years 1734-36 is to the entire city and its suburbs a wall, partly a picket fence erected, since the security of the extended city limits of Fort buildings is not feasible. This measure is to ensure the collection of excise duty and to prevent citizens from quartering soldiers in the desertion.
The old fortifications are obsolete by the construction of the new tariff walls, yet they prove to be more detrimental to the urban development and from war-strategic point of view they are also outdated. About 1755 almost all ramparts on Cöllner page, followed by the remaining, dragged and almost disappeared.
Schmettau 1748
The city development efforts for the northern suburbs Baroque fail. The elongated urban spatial barrier between the burgeoning city in the area of Dorothea and Friedrich city and the suburb of Spandau here represents a complex city planning feature: First of all, the Spree is mentioned, which alone represented, of course, not an insurmountable obstacle. Because of the frequently flooded land bank but they delayed the building use. Furthermore, stretching between the city and the northern Dorothee baroque city expansion an undeveloped area ("New Facility") which was occupied since 1780 by large public institutions with hardware, but none have pronounced central character: hospitals, military barracks, prisons. These uses later blocked the city expansion to the north path. Through the construction of light rail in the years 1875 - 82, solidified this structure further.
The Spandauer Vorstadt
shows the analysis of the plan that the Spandauer Vorstadt (including the Western King City) represented as a district not a privileged area. Urban de force, comparable to the scale at almost the same Baroque suburbs Dorothea and Friedrich city, one will search here in vain, instead of a regular grid layout with a few well-shaped seats can be seen in the north of the center of an irregular, hierarchical road system is without any curled places, which, on first glance more medieval than baroque.
"The old, not grand, popular Berlin is no longer in the sphere of going back to the medieval old town. After the destruction of the Second World War and the post-war urban planning, the baroque city expansion in the north of Berlin Center the last district of Berlin, the urban structures have clearly reminiscent of the old, pre-industrial Berlin. This urban expansion is made up of the Spandau suburb, and the remaining western former royal city of the oldest Berlin's suburbs, together. It is the old Berlin of tomorrow. "12
The range of Hackescher Markt, which was formed in 1750 out today in its known form, was the starting point of northern baroque city expansion. Some arterial roads converged on this originally located in front of the medieval gate Spandauer place before they entered the town: the roads to Spandau, Neuruppin / Hamburg, Rosenthal, Pankow / Niederschönhausen and Prenzlau. The district was in the north to 1867 by the Akzisenmauer completed, which ran since 1705 Palisadenumwehrung the level of the street line and after 1780 at the height of the New Torstrasse. This wall, which was primarily intended to tax collection and prevent the desertion was broken only by a few goals: the Oranienburg, the Hamburg, the Rosenthal and Schönhauser Tor.
was thus established the system of main roads. A development of the district necessitated further, the loss of radial cross-linking roads, second and third order, which largely followed the tracks of the suburban area and borders on old roads and lots.
The social position in the structure of the entire city is based in no small on the lack of urban order power of the Baroque period in this area: the Spandau suburb offered fewer social groups considered their residence, their institutions, their burial place - as part of the Jewish and the Catholic population and the garrison. The new synagogue, the Jewish Retirement Fund, the Jewish Hospital, the Jewish cemetery, the Catholic hospital, the Kaiser-Alexander Barracks, the burial site of the garrison, the workhouse and the pauper's grave show the cultural diversity and the social position of the district.
with the narrowness and the plight of part only seven to nine feet wide streets in the western town of king, since the late 17 First century as a barn alleys served since the beginning of the 19th Century, but were turned into gold mines of the housing misery, contrasted the relative splendor of the Oranienburgerstrasse. This situation worsened in the wake of the emergence of a City in the Empire. The social conditions were determined by comparing the new tenements with the simple dwellings of the pre-industrial city - exacerbated - that were still incredibly poor.
Back in the eighties of the 19th century began in the city of Berlin with the eruption of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße in Berlin-Alt. In 1906 he took his degree in initiated demolition of the barn area and the installation of a triangular Space that would accommodate the arterial roads to Niederschönhausen and Prenzlau.
The installation of this new road, now the Rosa-Luxembourg-street, from a historical perspective and an intentional break with the hard environment, symbolic of a violent social and structural modernization, a bridgehead for the expansion of the City in the east. The expectations of the imperial city planners, however, were disappointed in the Kaiser-Wilhelm Strasse remained Neubauten foreign body, which joined the triangular space even over a decade back only as clearcut wasteland that was accented only by a subway station and the popular stage. Against this background, it is not surprising that in 1910 Rudolf Eberstadt and Theodor Goecke, stars of the former Berlin urban planning exhibition for a "rational use of the barn area and the further development of rehabilitation in this" criminal area "with its" narrow, foul-smelling and übelbeleumundeten streets "(Bauwelt 1 / 1910) debates.
"But after the First World War stagnated the renewal of the district. An urban design competition to redesign the area in 1925 was without any consequences. In 1928 -30, the peripheral development of the square, designed by Hans Poelzig was completed. The movie theater Babylon was part of the new utilization concept. The
Hope for a city extension was already buried, but not the hope of social improvement. But take the efforts of housing for "Doctors, lawyers and merchants, employees and officials," a social upheaval of the entire area, failed.
at Hackescher Markt, the southern suburb of the junction with Alt-Berlin, another major project was started after he had already gained with the completion of the city train (exchange) is more significant. The system of Hackescher Markt in the years 1905/07 to plans by Johann must Hoening and Gustav Reyscher and August Endel as a bridgehead appreciation-oriented urban renewal project are considered. A doorway opens up the system, based on 9,200 square meters spread extremely tight at eight farms between Rosenthal and the Sophie Street. These farms from the start, a new model of mixed use, a place of culture, commerce and the upscale living dar. This offensive to the Spandau suburb of the south remained an isolated case.
As in the case of Hackescher Markt speculated that a private investor on the western edge of northern baroque suburb with the construction of a bridge-head of the city expansion.
The conditions seemed not unfavorable: Friedrichstrasse represented one of the Main streets of Berlin Center dar. was originally intended to summarize here only three lots for the construction of a commercial and manufacturing complex. 1907 Franz Ahrens designed but including four additional land to the Oranienburger street from architecture critics enthusiastically celebrated "Passage-Department Store".
The interest of the National Socialists
The Nazis concentrated their interest on a reinterpretation of the district especially in the Billow place. Already in the Weimar period had had this place of national importance: the March 1919 battle there was a stronghold of Spartacus. 1926 there was the Karl Liebknecht House, that is the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the party newspaper "Red Flag". Erwin Piscator directed here 1924/27 its revolutionary theater, but in particular Eastern Jews lived here. These traditions should be wiped vigorously after 1933. We designed the Bülowplatz, henceforth "Horst-Wessel-Platz", to a Nazi cult place. The highlight here was the conversion of the Karl Liebknecht House for "Horst-Wessel-house".
also Weydinger road was taken, the name and was renamed Horst-Wessel-road ". In 1939, the Theatre of the People's stage, a "votive offerings German art had to give way, "according to plans by Paul Baumgarten, reconstructed. On either side of the building itself ever a "memorial grove was - built with a" Horst Wessel monument and a memorial for this "murdered police officers". Hitler self-determined on 29 March 1934 the location of these "monuments".
was completed this urban reinterpretation by the demolition and reconstruction of a Jewish dominated building block in the north of the building itself, designed by Richard Ermisch.
This first major urban renewal project of the National Socialists was controversial in the run, as the record of an "internal Meeting "between representatives of district and local planning Kuehn shows. Laach mayor of the district center, it seemed more urgent by far, the rehabilitation of the Fischerkietz-as already requested by the City Committee to promote, rather than starting with the relatively well-preserved block at the line of the road with urban renewal.
Stadtbaurat Kuhn referred to the "wish of the high and highest priority" and the financial support of the Reich as the Reich Minister of Labour. The renovation would also facilitated by the fact that "only men's and women's non-Aryan race where owners live and are. So we can, we will proceed straight to the point sharp. One wishes that the procedure is sharp ". The barn area, which was called by the National Socialists "Jewish Switzerland", was the starting point of an urban renewal qua persecution of political opponents and Eastern Jews. The social and cultural diversity of the neighborhood was destroyed by the Nazi terror.
war damage in 1945
The GDR-era
was its establishment it top priority of the new state, all urban planning capacity in building a "socialist city center" between Alexanderplatz Marx-Engels Square to bind. Here in the Second World War relatively little was left devastated Spandauer Vorstadt in the shadow of attention when they also whether their town center was included in the considerations inevitably to redesign the center of Berlin. The range of considerations ranging from the Teilrespektierung the city layout to the complete dissolution of the traditional neighborhood structure, while maintaining some traditional island such as the partially destroyed Frederick Street Passage and the synagogue. A plan submitted in 1951, the realization of the Baroque suburb had been swept away, is probably one of the most impressive examples of the radical Demolition and reconstruction in the area. Tätsachlich it remained despite further planning in the urban offside. First started in the eighties on the basis of the traditional city plan tentatively renewal through a selective demolition and new construction.
"The original urban structure of the Spandau suburb," the East Berlin's urban renewal expert Werner Rietdorf 1989, "has, despite numerous structural changes and innovations in the second half of the 19th Century and partially destroyed during World War II largely preserved to the present. Nevertheless, the historic old building late seventies was partially worn, so that in the early eighties, had to be gone from making partial gap closures and neighborhood demolitions or additions to the previous part of interim clearance right buildings and so gradually the entire residential or residential mixed use to completely transform and renew (...). With the scale inserted new buildings, the original building lines have been included largely restored and the increased space structure.
first ahead of the 750th anniversary of Berlin, the city underwent renovation a practical implementation, combined with light and dark sides. Sophie the road, a "distinctive, early baroque jewel city architecture" (Rietdorf 1989, p. 49) has been spruced up since 1980 to a historical picture book road - though not quite as nostalgic as the Husemannstraße in Prenzlauer Berg. Elsewhere
was placed the "Record" - in more restrained form - but as a destructive, hard foreign body. More and more old buildings were in the advance of the panel buildings on the route. The real late socialism seemed to concede the historic Old Town, just over shrinking fragment a future to do.
appreciation after 1989
With the fall of jumped in the GDR in much of much-neglected area of the Spandau suburb to the cult of the post-alternative scene. Oranienburger Street became a mecca of young urban enthusiasts from all over Germany and the curb was his nightly stage here. In addition, however, this historic district since 1989 but especially location and subject of numerous cultural and social initiatives. The scene put out their feelers and conquered the surrounding streets -. The August road that Tucholskystr that Mulackstr, the Alte Schönhauser Str, the Gormannstr ... The representative of the redevelopment Hackescher Markt and the establishment of the "New Hackescher Markt" left the area around Hackescher Markt rapidly than the rise "in-district". However, this appreciation is
a strong pressure, a displacement that is not only the result of private investors' interests, but also of the pile in an established cultural institutions - a process begun with the establishment of the "Tacheles. However, there are in this district not only local citizens' groups that try to offer investors the pressure of the forehead. Another factor is the resistance of small cell plots and building structure, which impedes the penetration of large investments. In August 1993 the Spandau suburb has been designated as a redevelopment area and the whole area is designated as conservation area.
Conclusion
The Spandauer Vorstadt is together with the remains of the royal city of one of the Baroque "suburbs" of the old Berlin. However, unlike Dorothea and Friedrich city it represents a social and functional "simple" suburban dar. still shows the Spandauer Vorstadt the image of an irregular, hierarchical road system is without any curled courts, even if this irregularity System:
The roads out of the old Berlin characterize the backbone of the district.
"Overall Spandauer Vorstadt requires far more attention than before, but these are related to the last remaining piece of the historical center, that is not a grand place, the identity of Berlin can hardly be of inestimable importance. This place is just as unblemished as the German history itself, it shows like no other part of Berlin, the wounds and scars of more than a century of urban renewal "
0 comments:
Post a Comment